Okay, I own both of these calcs so I think I'm qualified to answer this question
let's begin by looking at both options, then my opinion will follow:
ti-nspire CX CAS is indeed superior when it comes to calculations, because it has a CAS. This means it can perform more advanced calculations such as derivatives, integrals, limits, expanding polynomials and simplifying equations, which the ti-84 plus CE can't do. This being said, you teacher is dead wrong about the Nspire being easier to use, it has one of the highest learning curves of any ti calc, while the big ti-8x series
are known for being very intuitive. The reason the ti-nspire CX CAS is not allowed on a lot of tests is because of it's ability to perform algebraic manipulations which if you know how to use it, would essentialy solve the exam for you. As for performance, the ti-Nspire is superior, although both technologies are insanely outdated (they are calculators after all) the Nspire has a much faster ARM processor while the 84 has an EZ80. As for memory, the nspire has a lot more of it like 100Mb instead of 3mb. For programming, the Nspire can be programmed in nspire Basic, Lua and C/ASM, while the ti-84 plus CE can be programmed in ti-basic and C/ASM.
Now for a bit of opinion: I think you are much better off with the ti-84 plus CE even though the Nspire is technically superior. First of all, the 84 is much more popular than the nspire, this means that there are countless references and people you can ask for help if you have any questions. The less popular Nspire has little to no doccumentation, the pool of people who can help is much smaller and this is worened by the fact that it is a much more complicated tool to use. As for the performance boost, you really don't need it unless you will be programming very intricate things because the ti-84 plus CE's EZ80 can handle pretty heavy programs very well. Also, it is accepted in more exams which is nice if you intend to use it during your exams
The nspire seems to be mostly designed for people who work with numbers for a living rather than a calculator for students. It is kind of meant to be as good as it can be while the 84 seems to remain a little limited because ti wants it to always be accepted in exams to keep their student buyers.
tl;dr, I think you did good